Risk factors for breast cancer in females

-

 Risk factors for breast cancer in females

• Advancing age  
• Breast cancer in a first-degree relative 
• BRCA genes  
• Previous cancer in the other breast  
• Early menarche (<12 years)  
• Late menopause (>55 years)  
• Nulliparity (no pregnancies)  
• No previous breastfeeding  
• Previous radiotherapy—e.g., mantle radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease
• Oral contraceptive pill or hormone therapy
     

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Silhouette Sign

-
Image
Silhouette Sign •  The loss of the lung/soft tissue interface due to the presence of fluid in the normally air-filled lung •  If an intrathoracic opacity is in anatomic contact with a border, then the opacity will obscure that  border •  Commonly seen with the borders of the heart, aorta, chest wall, and diaphragm
Read more

Venous eczema

-
Image
Venous eczema  occurs as a result of venous hypertension causing fluid to collect in the tissues. The stasis of this fluid in the soft tissues results in activation of the innate immune response and subsequent inflammation. Venous eczema has the following clinical characteristics: ·          Itchy red, blistered and crusted  plaques ; or dry fissured and  scaly   plaques  on one or both lower legs (commonly mistaken for cellulitis) ·          Atrophie Blanche (white irregular scars surrounded by red spots) ·          Orange-brown patches pigmentation due to haemosiderin deposition ·          Lipodermatosclerosis If you’re not sure if the patient has venous eczema, ask “Is it itchy?” Varicose eczema is often intensely pruritic and this is a common indication for intervention.
Read more

Causes of hyperuricemia

-
Image
Causes of hyperuricemia • Drugs: diuretics, ethanol, low-dose salicylates, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, nicotinic acid, and cyclosporine   • Chronic renal failure   • Myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders (↑ purine metabolism)   • Obesity   • Hypertension   • Hypothyroidism   • Hyperthyroidism   • Familial   • Excessive dietary purines      ➤ It is more common in the summer months because of reduced fluid intake and increased fluid loss.
Read more