Medical Data Interpretation

Hi, Here are some important Nail disorders: • Splinter hemorrhages are tiny, longitudinal streak hemorrhages under the nails caused by microemboli or trauma. They can be a normal finding in manual workers. • Pitting involves tiny indentations in the surface of the nail. It is a feature of psoriasis and less commonly eczema, lichen planus, and alopecia areata.  • Onycholysis is a premature lifting of the nail.  • Leukonychia is white discoloration of the nail. It is a sign of low albumin or chronic ill health.  • Beau’s lines are transverse depressions in the nail. They coincide with arrested nail growth during a period of acute illness.  • Paronychia is an infection of the skin adjacent to the nail, causing pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness.  • Koilonychi a is spooning (concave indentation) of the nail. It is associated with severe iron deficiency. • Clubbing • Onychomycosis is a fungal nail infection causing the nail to become thickened, opaque, crumbly, and yello

Hi, They are some Important Hair Disorders and signs: • Male-pattern baldness commonly occurs from the second decade. Hair is lost first from the temporal regions, frontal area, and the crown . • Alopecia areata   is associated with autoimmune disorders and occurs in the second or third decade. Sharply defi ned, noninflammatory bald patches appear on the scalp. There may be exclamation-mark hairs thinner at the base. This also affects the eyebrows and beard. Nails may be slow growing and show pitting. • Alopecia totali s   is a loss of hair from all areas of the scalp. • Alopecia universalis   is a loss of all body hair. • Telogen effluvium :  Normally, hairs grow and shed at different times and different rates. A severe illness, high fever, pregnancy, and, more commonly, child-birth may synchronize all the hair follicles, causing them to shed at the same time, about 3 months later. This gives a brief total hair loss that grows back. • Scarring alopecia :  Inflammatory lesions ca

Hi again! This is my another android application which is designed for android mobiles only. This app is designed for doctors and medical students who work in ERs and Face heart emergency situations or for the doctors who take ACLS course and prepared themselves for the exam. American Heart Association, as one of the most reputable international bodies, encourages all doctors to employ algorithms that could help millions of people world over. In this app, we collect those algorithms in an application that every single doctor should have them in their pocket to use in the time of need because life is why. We cover some topic like “Acute Coronary Syndrome”, Bradycardia and Tachycardia with pulse and etc. You can download it HERE from Google Play

Hi, I developed another 5 stars app for android mobile regarding the cardiac arrhythmias.  This app is designed to give you a fast and reliable review of Cardiac Arrhythmias, especially when you are in your clinic or Emergency Room and face a patient with arrhythmia to diagnose and manage it properly. This app is recommended for Emergency doctors, Medical officers, medical students, and nurses. You can download it HERE from Google Play Enjoy Max

The PABA test is used to detect pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, ie failure of the pancreas to produce sufficient enzymes for complete digestion. The principle behind the test is simple. After fasting overnight, the patient is given a fixed dose of a peptide comprising  N -benzoyl-L-tyrosyl- p a-aminobenzoic acid (NBT-PABA). In a patient with normal pancreatic exocrine function, pancreatic enzymes break down NBT-PABA into the smaller compound PABA, which is then absorbed and excreted in the urine. Normally more than 70% of the dose administered appears in the urine. Less than 70% excretion implies that the exocrine activity of the pancreas is impaired. DON’T FORGET Normally >70% of the oral PABA dose is detected in the urine.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is the term used to describe dry eyes. This phenomenon can occur in isolation (primary Sjögren syndrome) or in association with many other rheumatological conditions. The test is performed by attaching a specially shaped piece of filter paper to the lower eyelid. This is left for 5 min, and the distance that has become wet is then measured. Normally 10 mm or more of the paper will become wet. It is important to bear in mind, however, that normal tear production is reduced in old age. Also, drugs with anticholinergic properties, such as tricyclic antidepressants, reduce tear production and may result in a false-positive Schirmer test.

The ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) is an easily measured clinical parameter that is often used to assess the adequacy of blood flow to the lower limbs. The patient should lie flat on a bed when having an ABPI measured. The systolic blood pressure in the brachial artery is measured using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer. The systolic blood pressure at the ankle is then measured using a sphygmomanometer wrapped around the calf and a Doppler probe positioned over the posterior tibial or dorsalis pedis artery. Cuff pressure is inflated until blood flow to the foot is cut off. Flow is slowly re-established by deflating the cuff, and the pressure at which the first Doppler signal is obtained is noted. After performing these tests, the observer will have two figures – the systolic blood pressures in the brachial artery and at the ankle. The ABPI is calculated simply by finding their ratio. In health, the ratio should be greater than or equal to 1. As the value decreases, symptom

DISEASE COMMON MUTATION Cystic fibrosis ΔF508 mutation on long arm of chromosome 7. This codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Haemochromatosis C282Y mutation on the  HFE  gene on the short arm of chromosome 6. The H63D mutation can also be found

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY CONDITION Trisomy 21 Down syndrome Trisomy 18 Edward syndrome Trisomy 12 Patau syndrome 45, XO Turner syndrome 47, XXY Klinefelter syndrome 47, XXX Triple X syndrome 47, XXY Associated with behavioural problems 5p– Cri-du-chat syndrome Microdeletion at 22q11 DiGeorge syndrome Microdeletion at 7q11 Williams syndrome

MODE OF INHERITANCE EXAMPLES Autosomal dominant Achondroplasia Adult polycystic kidney disease Dystrophia myotonica Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Familial adenomatous polyposis Familial hypercholesterolaemia Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia Huntington disease Marfan syndrome Neurofibromatosis Noonan syndrome Osteogenesis imperfecta Otosclerosis Tuberous sclerosis Autosomal recessive Albinism Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Cystic fibrosis Friedreich ataxia Galactosaemia Glycogen storage diseases Hereditary haemochromatosis Hurler syndrome Oculocutaneous albinism Phenylketonuria Sickle cell disease Tay–Sachs disease Thalassaemia Wilson’s disease X-linked dominant Vitamin D-resistant rickets X-linked recessive Alport syndrome Becker muscular dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy Fragile X syndrome Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Haemophilia A Haemophilia B

DISEASE TYPICAL PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES Gastroenterology Barrett’s esophagus Lower esophageal epithelium undergoes metaplasia to become gastric or intestinal-type epithelium Coeliac disease Total or subtotal villous atrophy in the small bowel Crypt hyperplasia with inflammatory cells in the mucosa Crohn’s disease Can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract  Macroscopically : skip lesions (ie lengths of normal bowel between diseased segments); cobblestone appearance with fissured ulcers  Microscopically : thickened wall with trans-mural inflammation; granulomas Ulcerative colitis Affects large bowel only Affects mucosa and sub-mucosa only Crypt abscesses and superficial ulcers Chronic cholecystitis Chronic inflammatory changes Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses Hepatology Acute viral hepatitis Swelling of hepatocytes with spotty necrosis C